How to Write Essay About Yourself - Tips and Tricks to Help You

How to Write Essay About Yourself - Tips and Tricks to Help YouHow to write an essay about yourself is a question that is often asked by a lot of students. Whether you are pursuing a PhD in your native country or you are a new immigrant studying abroad, you have likely been told that it is a must to create your own piece of writing. If you do this for your dissertation, you can be sure that it will stand out as a first or a quality piece of writing.Your current employment situation has to be carefully analyzed before you are given a deadline for the assignment. An applicant will not be accepted to the program if the admissions officer knows that your resume has been found in the top three or four slots of a search engine. However, the job has not been found yet, and this may still give you an opportunity to keep your job.Lastly, you will have to analyze whether your personal and your professional background can be gathered together as a full stack of writing. Even though you know ver y little about writing and you are used to writing in English, writing essays can be very effective when you can add your personal experiences and interests to the essay.When you are writing, don't forget to make your topic interesting. Remember that your audience will be people who are studying your paper or trying to evaluate your performance. Make sure that you deal with your topic in a clear, concise and meaningful way. Many times you will also be trying to convince your reader to find your ideas interesting enough.Different people have different skills in writing, but they all use the same writing tools in order to make their personal and professional writing interesting. Consider how you will be using to work in academia or a scientific or medical institution. You will be able to set a trend when you write in this area.When you write your essay, be sure to be accurate and responsible. You will be having to present your ideas to an audience, so you can be sure that you have to present them in a meaningful way. Include your personal experiences and any research that you have done, but keep them short and clear. Many admissions officers and hiring managers will be looking for unique writing to improve your chances of being accepted.Some tips to help you with your essay on how to write an essay about yourself are to make it memorable, and to be careful with your style. Writing an essay about yourself is a very creative challenge that can boost your academic standings and you will be sure to stand out in the classroom or on the job market. Make sure that you are successful. And try not to give up.

Drug Addiction The Deadly Habit - 1259 Words

The Deadly Habit Though some consider drug addiction as a disease, it can completely overrun someone’s life. Drug dependence affects one out of twelve Americans and greatly affects the way they live their lives and the people around them (Hedden, Kennet, Lipari, Medley, Tice,1) . In recent years addiction has been studied extensively and the idea that addiction is a disease is based on the changing of the brain and the extensive work it takes to absolve being dependent on drugs. Drugs not only affect the ones whom use them, but their loved ones as well. I have felt the pain first hand of what drugs can do to people and how they change their lives. A drug addict puts the drug over all else and their lives seem to revolve around finding†¦show more content†¦Seeing this change developed me to become interested in how these drugs hooked their users and ruined their lives. Classifying drug abuse as a disease is not only incorrect, but it takes away the personal responsibilities of the drug user. While the way people get addicted to drugs can be different, it is more-or-less the same for everyone. At the end of the day it falls on the user to make the decision on whether to partake in it or not. A portion of those who choose to do drugs might be more susceptible ad fall due to having an addictive personality. If we call drug abuse a disease you make this problem sound like it’s something you can’t beat without medical attention or with out some special treatment. In today’s society, people have lost their values forcing them to have the inability to take responsibility for their own actions. People don’t believe that they could be the center of the problem or that they’re not strong enough to stop the use of these drugs, and instead, choose to label it as a disease. It takes the blame off them instead of facing t he underlining problem of an addiction that was present from the beginning. Drug addiction is not considered a disease because it is curable without the use of medicine. Tim Holden once reported that â€Å"a patient with cancer is not cured if locked In a cell, whereas an alcoholic is automatically cured. NO access to alcohol means no alcoholism. A person with

Test Preparation Campbell Biology free essay sample

Though fungal divisions have traditionally been based on modes of sexual reproduction, molecular considerations are becoming more important. Consequently, no emphasis has been placed on the vagaries of sexual and asexual reproduction among various fungi in this Test Bank. Instead, new questions assess students’ abilities to think logically about fungal morphology, genetics, and ecology. Two new sets of scenario questions deal with the biology of microsporidians and chytrids, fungi thought to play a substantial role in the worldwide decline of many amphibians. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i. e. , have an amine group attached) molecules of ? -glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? A) plants B) protists C) prokaryotes D) animals E) mutualistic fungi Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 3) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria B) soredia C) fungal enzymes D) increased oxygen levels E) larger bacterial populations Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 4) Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. C) Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. E) They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? A) desmosomes? tonoplasts B) gap junctions? plasmodesmata C) tight junctions? plastids D) centrioles? plastids E) flagella? central vacuoles Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 6) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. C) Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. E) Both groups have cell walls. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls B) pores in cross-walls C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons D) two nuclei E) tight junctions that form in cross-walls between cells Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? A) rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming B) a long tubular body shape C) the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition D) a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the ? -glucose. What is this polysaccharide? A) amylopectin B) chitin C) cellulose D) lignin E) glycogen Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 11) Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have A) fewer nuclei. B) more pores. C) less chitin. D) less cytoplasm. E) reduced cytoplasmic streaming. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 1 Skill: Application/Analysis 12) Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies? A) plasmogamy B) heterokaryotic C) dikaryotic D) diploid Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores? A) have haploid nuclei B) represent the dispersal stage C) are produced by meiosis D) upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei A) 1 or 2 B) 1 or 3 C) 2 or 3 D) 2 or 4 E) 3 or 4 Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a A) smaller nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell. B) smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. C) larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. D) similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures. B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell. C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time. D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells. E) is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic. Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 17) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi, in terms of the gene products they can make, are essentially A) haploid. B) diploid. C) alloploid. D) completely homozygous. E) completely hemizygous. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cells chromosome number than does meiosis I? A) mitosis B) plasmogamy C) crossing over D) binary fission E) karyogamy Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes? A) They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved. B) They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified. C) They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage. D) They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens. E) They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of coal forests and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi? A) presence of flagella B) zoospores C) autotrophic mode of nutrition D) cell walls of cellulose E) nucleotide sequences of several genes Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen A) due to common ancestry. B) by convergent evolution. C) by inheritance of acquired traits. D) by natural means, and is a homology. E) by serial endosymbioses. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the bud cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. B) It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate. C) It should be transcriptionally less active. D) It should have reduced motility. E) It should have a smaller nucleus. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 24) The microsporidian, Brachiola gambiae, parasitizes the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. A) one statement only B) two statements C) three statements D) four statements E) all five statements Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 25) Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells, known as xenomas, which are full of spores. Given their large size, what should be true of the xenomas? A) The parasite must endow the xenoma with some way to overcome its unfavorable surface area-to-volume ratio. B) The xenoma must obtain mitochondria to survive. C) The xenoma must gain a cell wall; otherwise, it will lyse. D) The xenoma acts as a prison, of sorts, to keep the spores from escaping and infecting other organisms. Answer: A Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 3 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 26) What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? A) asexual structures that produce haploid spores B) asexual structures that produce diploid spores C) sexual structures that produce haploid spores D) sexual structures that produce diploid spores Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? A) conidia and basidiocarps B) sporangia and hyphae C) soredia and gills D) haustoria and arbuscules E) zoospores and mycelia Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete B) ascomycete C) deuteromycete D) chytrid E) basidiomycete Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Which of the following has the least affiliation with all of the others? A) Glomeromycota B) mycorrhizae C) lichens D) arbuscules E) mutualistic fungi Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus A) 3 4 2 1 B) 3 2 4 1 C) 3 4 1 2 D) 2 3 4 1 E) 2 4 1 3 Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill A) 4 5 1 2 3 B) 5 1 4 2 3 C) 5 1 4 3 2 D) 5 1 3 2 4 E) 4 1 5 2 3 Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia? A) Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. B) Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. C) Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. D) Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. E) Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? A) karyogamy B) mycelial flagella C) alternation of generations D) breezes distributing spores E) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 34) In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? A) asci B) zygosporangia C) rhizoids D) gametangia E) conidiophores Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as A) antibodies. B) aflatoxins. C) hallucinogens. D) antigens. E) antibiotics. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) fixed nitrogen C) antibiotics D) water and minerals E) protection from harmful UV Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. E) Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the leakiness of photosynthetic partners. E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 40) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) lichens growing on the vines branches are not harmed. C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 41) Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) pathogens B) endosymbioses C) endophytes D) lichens E) mycorrhizae Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner? A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. B) It was probably a red alga. C) It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria. D) It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote. E) It was probably infected by bacteriophage. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 43) Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? A) They are currently classified among the ascomycetes. B) They do not form heterokaryons. C) Their spores are probably produced by mitosis. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to A) reduce competition for nutrients. B) help humanity survive. C) promote their ingestion of foodstuffs. D) eliminate other fungi. E) discourage animal predators. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? A) basidiospores B) spores of ectomycorrhizae C) soredia D) yeasts E) leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants) Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 46) Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants A) leaf mesophyll. B) stem apical meristems. C) root apical meristems D) xylem. E) waxy cuticle. Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour? A) ergotism B) athletes foot C) ringworm D) candidiasis (Candida yeast infection) E) coccidioidomycosis Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack? A) by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed B) by providing the seeds with water and minerals C) by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed D) by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis Scenario Questions Please refer to the following information to answer the next few questions. Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. 59) If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? A) 100, carried on 7 chromosomes B) 100, carried on 14 chromosomes C) 200, carried on 7 chromosomes D) 200, carried on 14 chromosomes E) 400, carried on 14 chromosomes Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 60) What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore? A) monoploid B) diploid C) triploid D) tetraploid E) polyploid Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61) Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis? A) double fertilization B) crossing over C) nondisjunction D) autopolyploidy E) S phase Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis Unicellular yeasts can be represented as spheres, whereas filamentous hyphae more closely resemble cylinders. As these two geometric figures increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratios change. The following tables demonstrate how this ratio changes, first for spheres, and second for cylinders. For the cylinder, girth (i. e. , radius, r) will remain constant, whereas length, L, will increase. Note the formulas below the respective tables. A spheres change in surface area and volume with increasing radius, r Radius Surface Area Volume 1 12. 56 4. 19 2 50. 24 33. 48 3 113. 04 113. 01 4 200. 96 267. 87 5 314. 0 523. 0 Area of a Sphere = 4r2 Volume of a Sphere = 4/3r3 A cylinders change in surface area and volume with increasing length, L Radius Surface Area Volume 1 12. 56 3. 14 2 37. 68 6. 28 3 75. 36 9. 42 4 125. 6 12. 56 5 188. 4 15. 7 Area of a Cylinder = 2(r2) + 2rL Volume of a Cylinder = r2L 62) As a direct result of increasing surface area in both yeasts and filamentous hyphae, which cell structures/materials must also increase? 1. amount of chitin 2. number of nuclei 3. amount of plasma membrane 4. number of mitochondria 5. amount of peptidoglycan A) 1 only B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 5 Answer: B Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 1, 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 63) Which statement is a correct interpretation of the data in the previous tables? A) As a sphere gets bigger, its surface area and volume increase at about the same pace. B) As a cylinder gets bigger, its surface area increases at a greater pace than does its volume. C) As a cylinder gets bigger, its volume increases at about the same pace at which the volume of a sphere increases. D) As spheres and cylinders get bigger, the surface area of a cylinder increases at a faster pace than does the surface area of a sphere. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Application/Analysis 64) Both axes of the graph are linear. Thus, the shape of the line plotted on this graph most accurately depicts the A) volume of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. B) surface area of a sphere as the radius, r, increases. C) volume of a cylinder as length, L, increases. D) surface area of a cylinder as length, L, increases. Answer: C Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 65) Surface area represents the area available for exchange with the environment, whereas volume represents the cytoplasm which requires nutrients and from which waste products (usually toxic) must be removed. Which of the following should provide the most favorable conditions for effective exchange? A) a smaller unicellular yeast B) a larger unicellular yeast C) a shorter filamentous hypha D) a longer filamentous hypha Answer: D Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 66) Some fungi can exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae. Which of these forms would be most favorable in an environment where nutrients are limited? A) a smaller unicellular yeast B) a larger unicellular yeast C) a shorter filamentous hypha D) a longer filamentous hypha Answer: D Topic: Concepts 6. 2, 31. 2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Recent genetic studies of the structure of microsporidian genomes, as well as the sequences of their tubulin genes and the gene for RNA polymerase II, indicate that microsporidians are closely related to the fungi. Microsporidians lack flagella, centrioles, peroxisomes, and mitochondria (although they do have degenerate mitochondria, called mitosomes). They have the smallest genome of any eukaryote, and it is a genome that changes quickly. The genome is contained within two haploid nuclei. All microsporidians are obligate intracellular parasites. They use a unique organelle called a polar filament to gain access to the cells of their hosts. One species causes chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. Another parasitizes Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito that transmits a fatal form of malaria to humans. 67) Given the eukaryotic structures they lack, it should be expected that microsporidians also lack A) the 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules. B) chitin. C) lysosomes. D) nuclei. E) centrosomes. Answer: A Topic: Concepts 6. 6, 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 68) The lifestyle of microsporidians is most similar to that of A) scavengers. B) viruses. C) free-living yeasts. D) ectoparasites. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 19. 2, 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis 69) Which of the following microsporidian features are shared with many other fungi? 1. chitinous cell wall 2. two haploid nuclei per cell 3. polar filament 4. chemoheterotrophy A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 4 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4 Answer: D Topic: Concepts 31. 1, 31. 2, 31. 3 Skill: Application/Analysis For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. 70) Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? A) by wind-blown spores B) by flagella C) by cilia D) by pseudopods E) by hyphae Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 71) The chytrid sporangia reside within the amphibian epidermal cells. Consequently, which term(s) apply to Bd? 1. ectosymbionts 2. parasites 3. commensals 4. pathogens 5. endosymbionts A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 2, 4, and 5 Answer: E Topic: Concepts 27. 5, 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 72) Which of the following are protists, the organisms thought to share the closest ancestor with the chytrids? A) nucleariids B) choanoflagellates C) zygomycetes D) algae E) diplomonads Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 73) Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd. A Bd sporangium initially contains a single, haploid cell. Which of the following processes must be involved in generating the multiple zoospores eventually produced by each sporangium? 1. S phase 2. cytokinesis 3. mitosis 4. meiosis A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 3 E) 1, 2, and 4 Answer: D Topic: Concepts 12. 1, 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 74) Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Bd. If its morphology and genetics did not identify it as a chytridiomycete, then to which fungal group would Bd be assigned? A) ascomycetes B) zygomycetes C) glomeromycetes D) basidiomycetes E) deuteromycetes Answer: E Topic: Concepts 31. 2, 31. 4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 75) If infection primarily involves the outermost layers of adult amphibian skin, and if the chytrids use the skin as their sole source of nutrition, then which term best applies to the chytrids? A) anaerobic chemoautotroph B) aerobic chemoautotroph C) anaerobic chemoheterotroph D) aerobic chemoheterotroph Answer: D Topic: Concepts 27. 3, 31. 4 Skill: Application/Analysis 76) If Bd cannot grow properly at temperatures above 28 °C (82 °F), then, assuming the amphibians can survive, in which time or place should the chytrid infection proceed most rapidly? 1. cooler months 2. warmer months 3. lower altitudes 4. higher altitudes A) 1 or 3 B) 1 or 4 C) 2 or 3 D) 2 or 4 Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 77) What makes it risky to rely on the presence of chitin in adult amphibian skin as the sole positive test for the presence of chytrids? A) Other mycoses may be in progress in the same amphibian simultaneously. B) The amphibian may harbor arthropod ectoparasites simultaneously. C) Bacterial infections may be simultaneously underway in the amphibian. D) Three of the responses above are correct. E) Two of the responses above are correct. Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. 2, 31. 4, 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis 78) The fact that infection by Bd causes lethargy in many infected amphibians can have what effect on efforts to accurately census the numbers of dead or dying amphibians at a particular time, in a particular habitat? A) It can cause underestimation, due to infected amphibians preferring to seek out refuges relative to uninfected amphibians. B) It can cause underestimation, due to increased predation on, and removal of, infected amphibians relative to uninfected amphibians. C) It can cause overestimation, because infected frogs should be more readily observable to human census-takers than should uninfected amphibians. D) All three of the above statements are plausible. E) Two of the above statements are plausible. Answer: E Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 79) When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium, Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl), chytrid infection seems to be inhibited. Which of the following represents the best experimental design for conclusively determining whether this inhibition is real? A) Inoculate uninfected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians continue to remain uninfected by chytrids. B) Inoculate infected amphibians with Jl, and determine whether the amphibians recover from infection by chytrids. C) Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Leave one population alone; inoculate the other with Jl. Measure the rate at which infection proceeds in both populations. D) Take infected amphibians and assign them to two populations. Inoculate one population with a high dose of Jl; inoculate the other with a low dose of Jl. Measure the survival frequency in both populations. Answer: C Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 80) A researcher took water in which a Jl population had been thriving, filtered the water to remove all bacterial cells, and then applied the water to the skins of adult amphibians to see if there would subsequently be a reduced infection rate by Bd when frog skins were inoculated with Bd. For which of the following hypotheses is the procedure described a potential test? A) the hypothesis that a toxin secreted by Jl cells kills Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin B) the hypothesis that Jl cells infect and kill Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin C) the hypothesis that Jl outcompetes Bd when both are present together on a frogs skin D) the hypothesis that the presence of Jl on frog skin causes a skin reaction that prevents attachment by Bd cells Answer: A Topic: Concept 31. 4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Rose-pickers disease is caused by the yeast, Sporothrix schenkii. The yeast grows on the exteriors of rose-bush thorns. If a human gets pricked by such a thorn, the yeasts can be introduced under the skin. The yeasts then assume a hyphal morphology and grow along the interiors of lymphatic vessels until they reach a lymph node. This often results in the accumulation of pus in the lymph node, which subsequently ulcerates through the skin surface and then drains. 81) The answer to which of these questions would be of most assistance to one who is attempting to assign the genus Sporothrix to the correct fungal phylum? A) Do these yeasts perform fermentation while growing on the rose-bush thorns, or do they wait until inside a human host? B) Does S. schenkii rely on animal infection to complete some part of its life cycle, or is the infection merely opportunistic? C) Are the hyphae in lymphatic vessels septate, or are they coenocytic? D) Is S. schenkii best described as a decomposer, parasite, pathogen, or mutualist of humans? E) Being a yeast, does S. schenkii perform the process of budding? Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 82) Say S. schenkii had initially been classified as a deuteromycete. Asci were later discovered in the pus that oozed from an ulcerated lymph node, and the spores therein germinated, giving rise to S. schenkii yeasts. Which two of these are conclusions that make sense on the basis of this information? 1. S. schenkii produces asexual spores within lymph nodes. 2. S. schenkii should be reclassified. 3. S. schenkii continues to have no known sexual stage. 4. The hyphae growing in lymphatic vessels probably belonged to a different fungal species. 5. S. schenkii yeasts belonging to two different mating strains were introduced by the same thorn prick. A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 5 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 5 E) 4 and 5 Answer: D Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 83) Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside there. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of the following is most probable? A) The hyphae secrete antibiotics, which increases the ability of the infected human to tolerate the fungus. B) Their conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the bodys defenses are at least temporarily overwhelmed. C) Defensive cells of humans cannot detect foreign cells that are covered with cell walls composed of cellulose. D) Given that most fungal pathogens attack plants, human defenses are simply not adapted to seek out and destroy fungi. E) Given that most fungal pathogens of humans infect only the skin, human defenses are not adapted to seek out and destroy systemic fungal infections. Answer: B Topic: Concept 31. 5 Skill: Application/Analysis End-of-Chapter Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter â€Å"Test Your Understanding† section in Chapter 31 of the textbook. 84) All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) pathogenic E) act as decomposers Answer: B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 85) Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) formation of resistant zygosporangia E) parasitic lifestyle Answer: C Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 86) Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A) ascospores B) basidiospores C) zygosporangia D) conidiophores E) ascocarps Answer: D Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 87) The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often A) a moss. B) a green alga. C) a brown alga. D) an ascomycete. E) a small vascular plant. Answer: B Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 88) Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) animals B) vascular plants C) mosses D) brown algae E) slime molds Answer: A Topic: End-of-Chapter Questions Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 89) The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. B) avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. C) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. D) the increased probability of contact between different mating types. E) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. Answer: E

The Idiosyncrasies of Love A Poetry Explication of Edmund Essay Example

The Idiosyncrasies of Love: A Poetry Explication of Edmund Paper For such justifications, reader are capable of walking into his poem so effortlessly, as its themes and central ideas present invulnerableness issues that torment the soul. Through the eloquent journo eye of words composed by Spenders, it would be most sinful on the readers behalf not to ex prurience an astonishing connection between the burdens of the 21 SST century individual an d the 1 6th century literary genius; not even time can segregate mans state of mind. Precisely, S Monet 26 addresses the issue of romantic troubles that has persisted: crises, love, and t heir complications. Nonetheless, strongly emphasized at the end is Spenders resolute message (a ND precious moral lesson) on the importance of enduring loves agonies and hardships, as its pale assures are endless. Though known to the vast majority simply as Sonnet 26, Edmund Suspenseful sonnet reveals far more than one could anticipate from its title. Whilst in observation of its first line, sweet is the rose, but grows upon a briar, it would be simplest to identify Sp ensures use of an antithesis to describe the contradictory relationship of an elegant flower and i TTS harmful thorns. In other words, in spite of the roses beauty, it cannot exist without the bitter, unattractive briar it must live upon. The whole sonnet is structured upon repetition and antitheses s that serve to convey the poems central theme and idea, as a matter of fact. Spenders exec optional usage of these literary devices further defines the poems innovation style by introduce icing newfound knowledge on the true reality of love. Essentially, as the readers, we are advise De to keep from idealizing love and only characterizing it by perfection or ultimate virtue; one imply cannot expect for obstacles and hardships not to occur. We will write a custom essay sample on The Idiosyncrasies of Love: A Poetry Explication of Edmund specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Idiosyncrasies of Love: A Poetry Explication of Edmund specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Idiosyncrasies of Love: A Poetry Explication of Edmund specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, the sonnets theme bal simooms in the closing sestets, particularly during the ending two lines, in which it is discovered d how without any battles there cannot be victory; love requires endless dedication. Edmund Spenders miraculous masterpiece first flourishes through its opening g octave. As analyzed above, a series of antitheses structured in a repetitive manner comb rises the first portion of Sonnet 26, in which each depiction of a divinely beautiful plant follows us bequest criticisms. Namely, Spenders antitheses do not represent any means of Eden nation, rather a means of realism. By way of contrasts, Spenders presents an unmistakably nun versa truth the majority fails to recognize: perfection is futile as its existence is null. The occur cay of the aforementioned principle is not only valid in human mentality, but likewise in nature. That is to say, the rose may only preserve its charm if surrounded by thorns; the nuts s wetness ceases to be attainable without its bitter shell. Though all justifiable, the claims above p assess far more Han simply literal meaning; they are symbols for the imperfections encounter De on a daily basis. Though displayed in a considerably vague tone, Spenders reasoning reveals a tenacious standing on the nature of perfection: he, for one, cannot be fooled. All ambiguities in Sonnet 26 come resolved when the speakers genuine intent notions are unveiled in its concluding sestets: natures flaws unite with Edmund Spenders own impaired romance. At the time during which it was written, Spenders had been pursuing the love of his life and Only woman Of any interest to him: Elizabeth Bayle. On behalf Of such ma terse, it is that the first Ana lines of the sestets that read, so every sweet with sour is tempered SST ill. That make it be coveted the more are references to Spenders personal acknowledgement s on the inevitable risks needed to be taken in order to love someone: some for the better, other s for the worse. Indeed, Spenders own ordeals intensify his conveyed message about vivacity and euphoria being an inadequate measure of love; with every pleasure comes equal anguish. On e must be psychologically capable of enduring all agony and grief to await true love. In al verity, true love s at its very climax when its sufferers overcome its impediments; only then m ay the idealized image of emotion follow. No value is there in hollow love that only exists in pop Tamil times; by the same token, casual affairs and insight stands only ignite with sensual pa Sino for ephemeral time periods. With his striking use of symbolism and figurative Ian gauge, Spenders attitude morphs from subtle to forcefully resolute and assured when he claim s: Why then should I account Of little pain, that endless pleasure shall unto me gain. Edmund Spenders expertise and insight on the human mentality rightfully cal jiffies his Sonnet 26 as those poems any man can walk into and make his own. By us mooning his age Doric readers into his little corner of the world, precisely, into the blooming core of his heart, Spenders invites his audience to analyze the meaning of love through poetic verse. His s Monet, rich in mean inning and connotations, offers a middling experience that interlaces it s central theme and message into a dignified work of art. With his deep wisdom and intellect, Spend ceros point of view was furthermore emphasized throughout his entire sonnet, defining his style and canny usage of literary devices.

Conservation of Rainforests essays

Conservation of Rainforests essays The plight of the rainforests has not been "front page news" for several years now, due possibly to the media's incessant passion to cover events in the war against Iraq and terrorism. But the fact that rainforests are not headlines, as they were a few years ago, does not mean the problems facing these vital forests have gone away, or have been solved. Indeed, the rainforests are in dire straights, and must be protected, as the Dalai Lama states in the "Foreword" to Arnold Newman's book, Tropical Rainforest: "Resolving the present environmental crisis is not just a question of ethics but a question of our own survival. If we exploit it in extreme waysin the long run we ourselves and future There are ample reasons to be concerned about the health of Earth's rainforests, as this paper will report and analyze. But moreover, whereas the problem of global warming is affecting rainforests, on the other hand, the rainforests' which are burning are spewing millions of tons of carbon into the air, contributing to the problem of global warming. Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect The earth's temperature is definitely heating up, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (World Almanac, 2002); the average global temperatures between 1880 - 2000 rose from 56.65 degrees to 57.60 degrees. In fact (Newman, 127-128), "the 16 warmest years since record keeping began in 1860 have occurred since 1979, which may be unprecedented in the last 1,200 years," according to NOAA data that Newman retrieved for his book. James Baker, a NOAA administrator quoted in Newman's book, reports that as of the year 2000, the hottest year in recorded history was 1998, and the second hottest was 1997. "There is not time in recorded history that we have seen this sequence of record- setting," Baker explained. These data are "remarkable and sobering," he ...

Barbara Ehenreichs The Roots of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barbara Ehenreichs The Roots of War - Essay Example Here, the chain of events elucidated in the writing is closely related to the notion of warfare by human beings. By drawing many cause and effects of warfare, Ehenreich attempts to challenge many of the prevailing understandings of war. In the very introductory paragraph of her paper itself, she negates some of the widespread misunderstandings on war such as the ideas that ‘war is essentially human’, war is essentially modern capitalist’ and war is instinctual’. War is mysterious. It stems from mysteries and it mystifies. There exist hundreds of misconceptions about war. Many people think that war is unique to human species. The proverbial saying goes that even animals do not kill except for food. According to Barbara Ehenreich, â€Å"there are [o]nly three types of creatures engage in warfare- humans, chimpanzees and ants†(598). Is tendency to go for war part of our genome make up? Feminists for long thought that it is testosterone that makes men wa r prone. War is not new to the human society. War prevails in all kinds of societies from primitive hunter-gatherers to modern capitalist ones. The first cause/effect assertion by the writer is that war is not equal to violence because violence is just part of it. It is a reductionism to say that war is equal to violence. No, war is greater than violence.

Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games-2016 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games-2016 - Coursework Example The case of the Olympic Games, a nation is not only interested in obtaining a degree of profitability, they are also interested in showcasing their nation to the rest of the world and providing these visitors/newcomers with a positive social experience that could encourage them to visit the nation in the future and/or engage with it economically in a way that they might not have before. Further, key environmental issues also exist with respect to planning and executing such an event as the Olympics. Ultimately, the structures and different requirements of these games necessitate that the city landscape must be transformed as a means of providing the crowds and the athletes with the required infrastructure for the games without creating monstrosities that will be an eyesore on the city landscape or have a distinctly negative impact upon the environment for the future.  Ã‚   Finally, planners for these games must bear in mind that the economics of the entire endeavor is the underpinn ing power and constraint that keeps the games confined to realistic goals.  The rationale for discussing the economic constraints and issues first has to do with the fact that the possibility to host such an event would not be able to be engaged if it were not for the requisite amount of funding that is required to host it.   Beyond this, a nation such as Brazil must determine a firm budget for the process. For instance, many nations that have hosted the Olympics in the past have crafted a budget only to find themselves experiencing dramatic cost overruns as projects are expanded, completed slowly, or not completed at all and necessitating the further work of engineers and contractors to complete according to plan. Moreover, rather than merely crafting a budget for the games and attempting to adhere to it, Brazil must also analyze the costs of the games with respect to the overall results that they hope to enjoy from them. As has been noted previously within the introduction, th e social and economic issues are somewhat overlapping; due to the fact that nations tend to put their respective system forward to the rest of the world as a means of engaging with people, encouraging them to invest within the nation, and promoting their own culture and society. Accordingly, the budget and planning process must engage with whether or not this particular approach will be utilized or whether or not the games are intended as a means of deriving revenue and being profitable. Although each and every nation that hosts the Olympic Games is interested in deriving a level of profitability, for the most part, nations that host these games find themselves in debt for decades after the Olympics have passed.